
Artificial intelligence
Understanding LLMs
A non-technical guide to large language models
Understand what happens behind a generated answer: words, representations and the limits of models, explained step by step.
Explore the contents ↓The next step: reading.
Complete English edition dated 5 October 2026 · 51 pages.
PDF · 6.7 MB · English
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THE READING JOURNEY
Table of contents
A guide that builds the foundations before exploring the capabilities, limits and applications of language models. Seven parts lead the reader towards practical choices and resources for further learning.
Part I — Foundations
The foundations for understanding what language models are and how they work.
- Introduction
- What Are Large Language Models
- How They Work Without Going into Too Much Detail
Part II — Capabilities and Interaction
From model capabilities to dialogue through prompts.
- What LLMs Can Do
- Talking to LLMs — Why Prompts Matter and How Interfaces Are Designed
- Emergent Abilities — What Models Learn on Their Own
- Beyond Questions — How to Use Prompting to Harness Emergent Abilities
- From Words to Abilities — Practical Examples of Emergent Prompting
Part III — Ethics, Limitations, and Society
Limits, explainability and responsibility when using artificial intelligence.
- Important Questions — What We Should Be Asking About LLMs
- The Future of LLMs — Risks and Limitations of What They Cannot and Should Not Do
- Using LLMs Wisely
- Human-Centered AI and Explainability — Trusting What You Can Understand
- Asking Models to Explain Themselves
- Practical Examples of Explainability in Action
- Myths and Reality — What LLMs Cannot Do Even When They Seem Able To
- When Overconfidence Meets Artificial Intelligence
- A Final Reflection
Part IV — Applications and Examples
Practical applications and tools we encounter in everyday life.
- Real-World Examples
- Everyday Tools Quietly Powered by AI
- Opportunities and Benefits — Why LLMs Can Be Truly Useful
- Unexpected Stories from the World of Language Models
Part V — From General to Specialized Intelligence
Specialisation, memory and models that also process images.
- From General to Specialized — How LLMs Learn New Skills
- LLMs as Memory Machines — Retrieving Knowledge and Human Experience
- A Whole World of Language Models — From Giants to Little Helpers
- Not Just Words — When Language Models See and Understand Images
Part VI — Infrastructure and Sustainability
Resources, costs and comparisons between different families of models.
- Power and Price — The Hidden Cost of Intelligence
- Comparing AI Models — Cloud Giants and Local Experts
Part VII — Appendices
A checklist, conclusions, glossary and resources for further study.
- Before You Ask — A Checklist for Using LLMs Wisely
- Conclusion
- Glossary
- Want to Know More — Resources to Explore
BEFORE YOU START
A question to start with.
What does it really mean for a language model to understand text?
The book builds the tools to address this question and recognise the limits of the answers.